New working paper · Can advertising fund free AI? Evidence from ChatGPT's international advertising rollout → Paid ChatGPT visits returned about a third of a paid-search visit's value Organic ChatGPT referrals fell by about 6 to 8% after ads arrived; conversion held
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  1. Oct 2026

    No. 002 · /chatgpt-ads

    New working paper: Can Advertising Fund Free AI?

    Version 1 of our study of ChatGPT's international advertising rollout, with the European Union untreated. The paper is under review.

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  2. Jul 2026

    No. 001 · /organic-llm

    In print: Marketing Science 45(4)

    “ChatGPT Referrals to E-Commerce Websites” appears in the July issue of Marketing Science, pages 699–715.

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  3. Apr 2026

    No. 001 · /organic-llm

    Published online in Marketing Science

    “ChatGPT Referrals to E-Commerce Websites” is published ahead of print in Marketing Science, as an Article in Advance.

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  4. Oct 2025

    No. 001 · /organic-llm

    Preprint on SSRN, first press coverage

    The working paper appears on SSRN. Within days, Modern Retail, Bloomberg, Digiday and Search Engine Land report on it.

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